Packaging materials: celluose and paper, polymers and thermoplastics, metals, glass. Manifacturing. Quality control. Some legal aspects of the production, especially for food packaging. Some examples of industrial applications.
"Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali" William F. Smith, McGraw-Hill "Introduction to Polymers" Robert J. Young, Chapman and Hall "Polymer Chemistry and Introduction" Malcom P. Stevens, Oxford Universdity Press "HAndbook of Pulping and Papermaking" Christopher J. Biermann, Academci Press
Learning Objectives
The goal of the course is to give to the students the fundamentals of the material science, especially of the new technological materials. In this course the students will know the methodologies, the techniques and the instrumentations to study polymers, cellulose, metals and glass, and for the determination of their physical chemistry. At the end of the course the students should be able to correctly correlate the molecular properties of the materials with their technological properties. At the end of the course the students should have acquired the capacity to individuate and apply the appropriate chemical methodologies according to the different problems. The student should be able to consult individually the scientific literature of this field of research.
Prerequisites
Courses required: none
Courses recommended: none
Teaching Methods
Total number of hours for Lectures (hours): 48
Total number of hours for Laboratory-field practice : 3
Type of Assessment
Oral examination at the end of the course.
Course program
Definition of packaging: features and uses. Environmental aspects of production and disposal of packaging. The industrial ecosystem. Industrial ecology. Environment and development debate. Sustainable Development. Packing materials: paper and cardboard. Historical notes. Cellulosic feedstocks. Cellulose. Chemical reactions of cellulose. Composition of wood hemicellulose and lignin. Extraction of cellulose from wood: mechanical, chemical, semi-chemical processes and chemimeccanici. Bleaching. Manufacture of paper. Additives fibrosis. Plastics. Main applications of polymers. Polymerization. Functionality. Curing stages. Polymerase chain. Radical polymerization. Chain transfer. Copolymerization. Molecular weight. Chemical kinetics. Kinetic equations of first order. Kinetic equations of second order. Opposite reactions. Consecutive reactions. Kinetics of chain reactions. Radical chains. Explosive reaction. Dependence of reaction rate on temperature. Catalysis. Surface catalysis. Kinetics of radical polymerization. Kinetics of the curing stage. Methods for the determination of molecular weight. Polymerization procedures. Ionic polymerization. Living polymers. Block copolymers. Graft copolymers. Metal complex catalysts. Metal oxide catalysts. Metallocene catalysts. Properties of polymers: crystallinity, glass transition temperature, softening temperature, molecular cohesion, elongation diagrams effort. Polyethylene. Polypropylene. Polyvinyl chloride. Polystyrene. Polyethylene terephthalate. Polyurethanes. ABS resins. Metals and metal alloys. Crystalline structure and geometry. Crystal systems and Bravais lattices. Main metallic crystal structures. Directions and planes in the cubic and hexagonal unit cells. Analysis of the crystal structure. X-ray diffraction Solidification of metals. Crystalline defects. Speed of processes in solids. Atomic diffusion in solids. Plastic deformation. Slip and twinning. Recrystallization. Industrial processing of metals. Phase equilibria and phase transitions. State diagrams. Isomorphic binary alloys. Adjust the lever. Binary eutectic alloys. Peritectic binary alloys. Monotettici binary systems. Phase diagrams of systems with three components. Iron-carbon alloys: steels and cast irons. Heat treatment of carbon steels. Production of iron and steel. Metal packaging. Glasses. Historical notes. Silica and silicates. The glasses. Raw materials for glass industry. Melting of the glass. Creep of the glass. Glass processing. Stained glass. Glazed opaque, milky glass. Enamels. Container glass.